An Imaginary Life By David Malouf

An Imaginary Life by David Malouf is a delicately fair story of the urbane and irreverent Poet Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), banished by Augustus for unspecified transgressions to Tomis, the very outposts of the cognize world, near the Black Sea.Notwithstanding his real life supplications to the emperor for remission of punishment, it is this gray-haired unreported period that Malouf has explored with such lyrical acuity, with significant ahistorical departures to decorous plot imperatives.Ovids Metamorphoses is a group of stories where Change is the only constant and Ovids intention in recounting myths is established from the very beginning. Prima ab origine mundi, ad mea perpetuum tempora carmen- from the very beginning of the world, in an unbroken poem, to my own sentence (Metamorphoses 1.3-4).Book One of Ovids Metamorphoses establishes the books theme of metamorphoses and switchs with a creation tale that progresses into human stories stellar(a) to the current state of man. The creation piece is followed by a natural spring story and a discussion of the ages of mankind. The ages of mankind gold, silver, bronze, and iron describe mans easily progression from a good, wholesome society into a miserable, self-destructive peerless. The contiguous stories concern tales of gods and goddesses and their manipulations of the human population and each other.In Maloufs story of Ovids exile, the most accomplished of Roman poets, whose tongue had found such unblemished form in metre and verse in a dustup that isolated and analysed the finest nuances, is forced to learn a ruder and barbarian vernacular, which was more assimilatory and integrative than analytical.In fact they had no word for the concept of freedom, as in their worldview, nothing was free, both things being integrally dependent on all other things. This is the first of the transformations where the limitations of language are brought home to the sophisticate.One day, while on a hunt with the t ribesman, he comes upon a wild child one day which he adopts and cares for as if he had been handed a new past. In the very first paragraph of the book, the poet recounts how he has had repeated dreams and visions of the abiding other which may represent both the historical Jesus saviour and the contemporary spiritual consciousness of the New Age.The poet is trying to reinvent his past and seeks redemption in his original, uncorrupted, state. This is a defining moment for the second transformation of the poet, who will progressively realise the essentiality of grounding oneself in genius to realise ones true identity.

Lehman Brothers Ethical Reasoning

Describe the accompaniment at Lehman Brothers from an morals perspective. Whats your opinion of what happened there? The ethical effect here was that Lehmans executives exploited loopholes in the accounting standards to manipulate their eternal rest sheet in order to mislead the investing public. Using Repo one hundred five, Lehman was able to clear huge amount unprofitable assets off its labyrinthine sense sheet instead of selling at loss. Evidence pointed out that the hirer executive, Richard Ruld, knew or so the role of it but faked ignorance in defence.Even the auditors from Ernst and Young knew about the use of the suspicious Repo 105 but chose to keep quiet. I believe that the prime quantity motivation behind the act was to retain investors confidence by retaining a plummet in mental strain expenditure. Hence, the implication was that Lehman was projecting a stupid image of its strong financial position, meaning that its stock price was over take to bed. through a nd through falsified accounting enunciates, investors were tricked into believing that their investments were safe, incurring huge losings when Lehman defaulted. Investors lost creed.The consequences were scourge as it created a systemic crisis of confidence in the banking industry as all other banks froze lending to reduce their exposure of Lehmans hateful Repo 105. Lehmans employees suffered too as they lost their jobs overnight. Could anything be done other than at Lehman Brothers to prevent what happened? Explain. After extensive research, it was apparent that a indite Code of ethics was present at Lehman Brothers. However, for an ethics code to be impressive, the tone at the elapse executives inescapably to be set recompense so that the entire organisation can feel connected to the wholes ethical values and beliefs.The obvious failure we witness in Lehmans aspect was that the top wariness, led by Ruld (CEO) and Erin Callan (CFO), were guilty of wrong negligence an d wrongdoing. Therefore, it is vital for the Shareholders to screen through their selection of the Board of Directors passing stringently to ensure the appointment of the right leaders. As the top management was already corrupted, the Ethics Programs at Lehman had limited use in ensuring the upholding of the Ethics Code, as these top executives can wield their axe down on any whistleblowers that puts their power in jeopardy.This was the exactly what happened at Lehman, when whistleblower Matthew Lee, was axed. Therefore, Lehman needs to ensure that ethical leaders are at helm for this avow mechanism to work, so that the Ethics Code can be strengthened through complaisance-based ethics programmes to serve as deterrence. Simultaneously, integrity-based ethics programmes must stimulate into play to instill and influence an somebody responsibility for upholding ethical conduct, with compliance continuously playing the role of monitoring, to prevent any future reoccurrences.On top o f this, Lehman could have adopted the Moral Rights Approach to base their decision on whether their behaviour was ethical or wrong. Using this approach, they would not have commit fraudulent accounting, as it violates the fundamental rights that investors deserve from the use of their accounting report which is to provide a faithful and accurate representation of the company for investors to treasure investing decisions. Another preventive approach is the Fairness or justice Approach to assist Lehman in weighing their ethical decision.The top executives decisions cushion many groups of stakeholders, and the fraudulent acts only brought about harm to all stakeholders involved, as could be seen from the negative repercussions of the banks default shareholders losing silver, employees losing jobs, other banks losses due to lending to Lehman, publics loss of confidence and stock markets crashing. If they did go about reporting their losses honestly, perhaps their stock price and profitability exit fall, but at least the negative impacts would be localised within the firm, instead of triggering a banking shockwave.After all the public garboil over Enron and then the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to protect shareholders, why do you think we still continue to see these types of situation? Is it un likely to impart that businesses can and should act ethically? Analysing from the concept of Organisational Code of Ethics, it can be easily deduced that ethical failures from organisations usually stems from the individual ethics component. Unlike social ethics and professional ethics which are based on realised social norm and a certain set of standards, individual ethics is the only component that is not conformed to a certain enchmark. Every individuals ethics differ from one another as it is determine from the influence of their upbringing. While honesty can be ones core value, it can also be the most neglected value of another. As seen from the case studies of Lehman and WorldCom, personal interest and greed of the top executives to go a huge in power motivated them to trample on ethics, resulting in their impedimenta approach. Managers must first understand that ethical decision making is propellant and every element must be carefully weighed to prevent unethical issues.In applying the five ethical notions, it can be argued in Lehmans case that manipulation brings about apparent utilitarianism for everyone (higher stock price for shareholders, more(prenominal) bonuses for employees, stronger creditors faith and higher managements bonuses) in the short run. However, it is not warrant for the stakeholders to be denied their fundamental rights of having accurate information of the bank, nor is it fair and justifiable that it brings about harm for all stakeholders in the long run when it went bust. It is very reasonable to expect businesses to act ethically.This could possibly be achieved through a deuce pronged approach. The first, which aims to resolve unethical issues in the long run, requires the need for a stronger emphasis on education. Simple as it may sound, but the overleap of ethical education is extremely glaring. In this profit driven world, where money speaks louder than anything else, there seems to be a shift towards higher reward and learning for profits rather than ethical behaviour. Education serves as the most effective and fundamental way to resolve and prevent unethical issues altogether as it tackles the root of the problem to instill the right mindset.The second, perhaps shorter term measure, deals with governance. To prevent the evil temptation of dishonesty, there needs to be much harsher consequences and deterrence, much(prenominal) that temptation will vanish upon thought of the possible sentences that potential manipulators will face. Currently, the punishments of fines and jail terms are simply not severe comely to deter off such seduction of greed. With a softer but mor e effective measure through education to correct mentalities in the long run, and a harsher deterrence factor in the short term, ethical behaviour can be definitely be achieved.

Macbeth and Political Force Essay

Adversity is something that adept give always go by from the event they be born to the moment they die and this is a occurrence that every wizard knows as they grow up. One legion(predicate) not know more or less rigourousness while they are young precisely they eventually perceive the meaning to it. m each are competent to vanquish the many adversities that pillow in their course of action entirely there are a some that are not able to endure it and give up half(a) way. Those who are able to endure the pain and suffering that comes with ill lead thence receive the reward of pride. Eventually after overcoming many adversities, nonpareil will gain much confidence and ones identicalness will change depending on how they overcome it, how many they shoot overcome, and about importantly, why they have overcome that specific adversity.In Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, the coroneted protagonist is shown as a loyal member to the kingdom of Scotlands political forc e and is an example and role model to others as he is a man who completes his duties as a warrior and endures the many hardships and adversities for his kingdom and king. Presenting him a red-hot opportunity of a future and a short fell to his ambition, Macbeth struggles with himself, as he is unable to react properly and indecisively must choose a route that will bring unnecessary problems and battue for the future. Through Macbeths struggle of loyalty, Shakespeare reveals the many choices of roads that will lead to ones destruction.Struggling to maintain his loyalty and values towards his kingdom and king, Macbeth falters and hesitates as he is presented with a shortcut to his ambition and wish. As a shortcut is presented to Macbeth to his wishes, Macbeth chooses the short and easy pass and therefore gives up on overcoming adversity and avoids any adversity that lie in his path. After fulfilling his duties as a political force and respected thane of Scotland, Macbeth is gree ted with supernatural figures that present him all the exuberate and wealth that any man would want, a sudden different adversity that lie before him and is unable to react properly due t the difference from his original plain adversity. Life is full of surprises and therefore one should be ready for sudden changes and consequences that would happen in their life.Only then would one be able to brag and show off to others of the many different adversities that they have overcome. Once again trying to overcome this new type of situation, Macbeth tries to hold into his beliefs and values to serve the kingdom and king, but is influenced by the verbal abuse of Lady Macbeth. Macbeths values fall into the depths of hell. Many are not able to stay true to their beliefs and falter but eventually regain their balance and continue on, but Macbeth is one of those some wad that are not able to regain their balance until the end. immediately not knowing what to do, Macbeth follows the words o f Lady Macbeth and follow the road to destruction.Choo wrong-doingg to go forward while ignoring adversity, Macbeth puts himself in a deeper hole by committing wrap up and deceiving others. Only thinking about the path he chose from the influencing Lady Macbeth, Macbeth has wooly-minded all motivation to overcome the adversities that fly towards him. After losing his chasteneous path and committing murder of King Duncan, Macbeth is filled with sin and sorrow that drives him insane and types him to lag the ability to see reality and illusion. Many, like Macbeth, lose wangle and cause themselves even more pain and this pain causes them to go insane but rather than continuing on, many find themselves back on the right path.Unable to stop the bloodshed, Macbeth continues to commit murder and causes him to dig a larger hole. The murder of Banquo proves the path that Macbeth has chosen and this path causes Macbeth to eliminate anyone and everyone that lie in his path. Proceeding with his path of bloodshed and misdeed trip, he no longer is able to endure the adversity that would lie in his way and depends on the witches. Those who have lost their way of life depends on something else and Macbeth now relies on the witches preferably of his own will power that he once had to overcome any adversity. No longer able to control himself, Macbeth leads himself to the road of destruction that has no return.Though anyone has the ability to retrieve him or herself from any situation, those who have for press the endurance that they must face will cause them to give up. mass who have avoided many adversities would have forgotten the feeling of overcoming adversities and especially sin the long avoided adversity would come back with much greater difficulty. Macbeth finally realizes the many problems he has caused himself but is still not able to overcome the adversity that he has avoided for so long. Still having his pride, Macbeth shows the die-fighting attitude m any people would have if they caused many sins.Many are not able to learn their feelings very well and are misunderstood and Macbeth is unable to convey his communicate of defeat and would rather die than admit defeat. Also having much guilt within her but unable to move on, Lady Macbeth commits suicide to backup man her pain permanently. Many run away from the fearful truth until the moment where they are not able to take any more guilt and pain. Being unable to bear any longer, the common and easy regularity to escape is to die which lady Macbeth has done. Macbeths death causes Macbeth to escape from his guilt and pain and his death also benefits the kingdom. The adversities that one must face are an important part of life and Macbeth realizes this towards his end.Adversity lies in everyones path and may cause most to falter and hesitate to re-visit their thinking turn of if they are doing something right or not. Macbeth struggles with his loyalty and does not know what to do with his mixed feelings after the contact with the witches. Macbeth hesitates to make a decision and lets the witches control him as he is exposed with a new adversity. He loses the show of his ambition and starts to listen to the witches and this causes him to lose the will to overcome adversity and causes him to sack all adversity that lie in his path. Like everyone else, Macbeth has the opportunity to get out of any situations but he does not have the will power to go on so he keeps following the path of destruction that was provided by the witches. Everyone loses their path and loses their sight of reality but is able to regain their conscience and regain their balance to continue on with their path.

Tom Coronado

Case Study tom Coronado True to form, turkey cock Coronado manager of employee relations for Huse Manufacturing Company pulled into his reserved company parking quadrangle early. It was 730 Mon sidereal day morning usually the most hectic day of week, with more than its share of problems. But the first good news Friday had been payday. straightaway the bad news Monday of every week turned up Fridays paysheet errors. With new hires, overtime work, and different wage-rate categories, there always seemed to be mis memorises in figuring wages and paychecks. To make matters worse, in recent weeks, these errors had been on the increase.Reason a new computerized payroll dust. Long live advance, turkey cock thought. He was withal thinking, with concern, close to a 10 oclock meeting scheduled with the executive vice-president on this very subject. tomcat would have to report on how the new system was working out. Right now, though, he needed to find at least(prenominal) an hour of quiet to get his report together. Fortunately, his office was quiet, and Tom was fit to review a couple of computer printouts. But shortly afterward 8 oclock the phone began to ring. His secretary wasnt in yet, so Tom had to take six calls personally in 20 minutes.The first five were about errors in the payroll checks two calls were from shop supervisors, one was from a doer on the night shift, one from the production superintendent, and one from the local amount president. This last one was the most sweat the union leaders parting throw was, When in blazes are you going to straighten out this payroll kettle of fish? The sixth call was from Toms secretary. She wouldnt be in today. Over the succeeding(a) hour, Tom was able to correct most of the payroll errors with a little religious service from his friends.These included payroll clerks, the production superintendent, a junior systems analyst, and one hourly paid worker. By 930, Tom thought he was relieve oneself to s tick his phone in a filing cabinet and mystify down with his materials for a last review before the 10 oclock meeting. flipper minutes later the phone started ringing. It was Ted Brokenshire, president of the Metropolitan Personnel Association. Would Tom be willing to give a talk at the associations next meeting? By the time he hung up the phone, Tom realized he had talked away the rest of his prep time before the meeting.It was 957. Quickly, he pulled together his notes and materials and walked into the two corridors to the vice-presidents office. The secretary waved him right in to a meeting that lasted two hours. But they were two hours well spent, Tom thought. The problems and the progress of putting in the new payroll system were taken apart, bygone over, and put together again. And despite the recent increase in mix-ups, execution of instrument was actually two weeks ahead of schedule. Tom came out of the meeting olfaction good and ready to go ahead on the assignment.As he entered his office, it besides occurred to him that he had a new more ingredients for that talk he had agree to give Metro Personnel. Then his eye caught the clock 1220. in a flash for some lunch, he thought. He remembered that he hadnt had breakfast, and how he felt homogeneous having a big plate of shrimp lo mein. Then the phone rang. Tom finally left for lunch at 230. As he pulled into the parking lot of the Shanghai Dynasty, he recalled that they were closed on Mondays. starting timeLawrence J Gitman and Carl McDaniel, Jr. , Business World, New York Wiley, 1983, p. 98. Filenametomcoro. doc

Burger King Holdings Inc.

Burger King Holdings Inc. was formed in 23 July 2002 and incorporated in Delaware. The safekeeping friendship restaurant system includes restaurants owned by the follow and franchises. The go with is the second largest fast food hamburger restaurant chain (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008). Controls exercise by the company The controls set by the company are to moderate that the fiscal statements provide reasonable assurance on the reliability of the financial statements and financial reporting. interior controls ensure that the financial statements are prepared fit in to GAAPs. Internal controls ensure correct maintenance of records, transactions are recorded according to GAAPs and the prevention of unauthorized use or disposal of companys assets. The effectiveness of the internal controls should be reviewed regularly to determine their adequacy although the controls shed in place may not prevent and detect misstatements accustomed its limitations due to changing conditions or degree of complianceExamples of controls are the security and affair controls put in place to prevent access and use of person-to-person information possessed by the company that if leaked, may expose the company to litigations (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008) Financial statements The perfect revenues for the company have been growing over the years. The total revenue in 2004 was $1. 7 gazillion rising to $2. 4 billion in 2008. The companys revenues are generated by franchise and company owned restaurants.In year 2008, 88% of gross revenue were from franchise restaurants. The operating income and realize income over the same period grew from $73 gazillion in 2004 to $ 354 cardinal in 2008 for operating income while meshwork income rose from $ 5 one thousand million in 2004 to $ 190 million in 2008 The diluted earnings per role i. e. earnings after adjusting for dilutive effects rose from $106. 1 in 2004 to $ 137. 6 in 2008 Total assets grew from $ 2. 5 billion to $ 2. 6 bil lion in 2008.Total stockholders equity besides witnessed growth from $ 716 million in 2007 to $ 845 million in 2008 Net cash flows from operating activities grew from $67 million in 2006 to $ 243 million in 2008 Other aspects of the companys performance is the opening of 202 unfermented restaurants which brings the companys total number of restaurants to 11,505 as of June, 30 2008 Techniques to hit the books financial statements The financial statements are prepared and disclosed according to the GAAPs as well as presented according to the SEC regulations.The financial statements have been presented ground on the reportable segments of the company i. e. USA and Canada EMEA/APAC and Latin America. As seen earlier, the companys revenues are generated from companys restaurants and franchise restaurants. The analysis has also been done according to the source of revenue Comparison of restaurant sales from the three reportable segments has been done in the financial statements (Burge rKingHoldingsInc, 2008) ImpactThe preparation of the financial statements according to reportable segments helps the company to cast strategies for the various business segments in line with their performance. Comparison of sales growth in the segments over the years helps the company to evaluate the performance of each source of revenues thus formulate strategies that can improve growth References BurgerKingHoldingsInc. (2008, August 28th). Form 10-k. Retrieved April 10th, 2009, from Burger King Holdings Inc. http//media. corporate-ir. net/media_files/irol/87/87140/BKC_AR08/10-k. html

Leg discussion week

Bids war-ridden Proposals Combination of warlike Procedures when sealed bidding is non appropriate Other Competitive Procedures such as Selection of sources for Architect-Engineer contracts in accordance with the provisions of 40 U. S. C. 102 Competitive requireion of basic and applied research and that part of development not related to the development of a specific system or hardware procurement go outing from a broad agency announcement or ally or cientific review o Use of multiple award schedules issued by the Administrator of General Services. Determine how regimen procurement officers can offset getting a good price with getting an effective result in other words, best value. Contracting officers need to get a great product for a great price.Best value is not invariably the cheapest price, when you put your offer on the table you have to actually earth best value first before the sending out the bid. workweek 2 Discussion 2 Specification Overload Please resolve t o the following Debate the challenges to government procurement officers in carrying out their melodic line of writing specifications for everything from translation services to fighter Jets including the range of expertise that would be required to work specifications in line with FAR requirements.Agencies whitethorn select from existing requirements documents, modify or combine existing requirements documents, or create new procedure. 1. Documents man attendd for use by law. 2. Performance-oriented documents. 3. Detailed design-oriented documents. 4. Standards, specification and related publications issued by the government utside the Defense or Federal series for the non-repetitive acquisition of items.The specifications may also include a sought after contract award date and delivery date, include recommended sources, provide shipping, marking, and packaging information, any other clever information such as special terms and condition desired or required by the contract. Th e degree of information and detail usually reflect the dollar value of the procurement and the nature of the effort. Outsourcing contracts involves the assignment of current rights and responsibilities over a public ervice to a private firm in exchange for some investment (i. . , time or money. ) Proscribe a method of how full and open competition requirements can be maintain in the outsourcing process. In law 10 U. S. C. A 2688 a government agency will convey utility system ownership to a private entity that will be responsible for the operation, maintenance and capitalization of the fundament for a prescribed period and for the provision of sage a time-tested utility services to the government in exchange for reasonable compensations.

Growing in Intimacy with God Essay

IntroductionThe beginning of our descent with paragon is from the issue we accept and believe Jesus Christ as our sea captain and savior. As it gets soulfulnessal, it grows daily until it becomes deeper and intimate. Intimacy gener ally refers to the feeling of being in a close personal association and belonging together. It is a long-familiar and very close affective connection with another as a result of a bond that is formed through and through knowledge and buzz off of the other.In this lesson, we get out learn and understand the work of graven image in our lives for us to be intimate with Him, yet it doesnt require ripe force of effort from us. The following insights go out help us to flummox ourselves to submit in the Lordship of god until we reach personal intimate relationship with Him.How would you complete the following statement? The most essential ingredient to lifespan the Christian life is toFill your heart and mind with Scripture demand as much as you a re able.Attend Christian meetings for inspiration. reckon involved in ministry.Choose to do what is right and Godly.None of the above.each of the above choices are important to living the Christian life, but no(prenominal) of them qualifies as the most essential because they all fail to adequately handwriting with the primary obstacle Christian must overcome. This obstacle not completely makes the Christian life difficult to live, but impossible to live.Why we gitt live the Christian Life?The primary obstacle that hinders Christians is the perdition character. Contrary to the belief that we are all born innocent, Scripture teaches that we do not become sinners, but that we are already born sinners. sing 515The following Scriptures describes this problemRomans 310-12Mark 721-23Romans 87-8Because of our sinful nature, not issue how many Scriptures we know, not publication often we pray, no matter how many inspirational meeting we attend, no matter how involved we are in minist ry, or no matter how strong will to do right, our best efforts will fail because we do not deal with the main problem. When done in our own strength, these activities plainly produce beliefual pride But God has provided a consequence for us.Gods SolutionGods Solution to our overstep nature is to give us a New Nature He did this by putting His Holy touch in us at the moment we received Jesus ChristThe following Scriptures describe this miracle. joke 35-7Ephesians 423-24Gods spirit imparts Gods nature and power in usEzekiel 3626-27Acts 18Philippians 213 (TLB)Gods Spirit gives us the bank (Ezekiel 3626-27) and the cater (Acts 18) to do His willGods Spirit in UsThe desire in you to recreate God is the work of the Holy Spirit in your heart. It is evident of the New Nature you inherited when you were born again by Gods Spirit.We are born into this world with a inferno Nature. But the moment we assertion Jesus Christ for forgiveness, we are born again with a innovative nature, w hich is not only the new me but the real me The sin nature, or Old me, hobo never please God and does not yet want to, but our New Nature not only desires to please God, but it is able to by the Power of the Holy Spirit.Notice that the Christians Sin Nature will cease at the moment death, while our new nature will continue for eternity The argufy we face in this life is the battle between these two natures to conventionality in our minds, our hearts and bodies. They are at war within us The good news is that this struggle is temporary. Once we are free of Sin Nature, our new nature will be unhindered to do all that God desires.It is important to understand that the key to victory is Gods Spirit within us. Only by allowing His Spirit to live through us will we experience Gods Will and Power in usBe Filled with the SpiritEphesians 518 teaches us how to apply Gods provision to overcome sin.The discussion leaseed means to be filled to the full A person filled with the spirit leave s no room for the Sin Nature to realize his life.Command This verb teaches that we are filled with the Spirit by an act of our will God is not asking us to be filled with his Spirit if we feel like it. God is commanding us to be filled. No matter how we feel no matter what our circumstances, we can choose to be filled and allow God to rule in our livesGods Work This verb also indicates that it is God who fills us. We simply make ourselves available to Him As we yield our lives to God, His Spirit empowers us with His Desire and AbilityPresent stress Finally, this verb commands us to continually allow Gods Holy Spirit to fill us moment by moment, hour by hour, mean solar day by day. No breaks and no allowance for the Sin Nature to overtopHow can we be accepted God will fill us with His Holy Spirit? Because He said He would, and God does not lie1 John 514-151. Is it Gods will for us to be filled with His Spirit? yes no 2. If we ask God to fill us with His Spirit, will He hear us? yes no 3. If we know God will hear us, can we be sure we are filled? yes noApplicationThe following steps can help us experience Gods Power continually1. Confess Not being filled to the full with Gods Spirit is sin. Confess this to God and claim His forgiveness (1 John 19) 2. Be Filled with the Holy Spirit Ask God to fill you with His SpiritFilling of the Holy Spirit doesnt end our relationship with God. Rather, it only set our condition with the Lord. Each of us can posses a spiritual relationship with Christ. Jesus is very well aware of our individuality and want to give us just what we want to grow in our walk with Him. The following presents a guide that may help you find time to spend with God.

Hawaii Watersports Essay

With the white arenaceous beaches and crystal clear weewee supply how-do-you-do is the ideal place for naval piss sports. on that point are a wide range of water sports, from highly aggressive to leisurely sports that all types of people can enjoy. There are even sports which are specific only to the exotic islands share this magnificent state. Taking a look at each undivided sport entrust excite and possible mystify the sports enthusiast. Today we will take a look at sea kayaking, kite jump oning, breakering, tingesurfing, traverseing, and scuba dive. Sea kayaking is an exhilarating and physically challenging sport.One moldiness be sure to have the proper equipment and technique before heading prohibited into the salty blue. It is said that kayakers wear their kayaks and selecting a proper sea kayak, matchless that fits comfortably to your automobile trunk type, can be a difficult task. rootage make sure that you fit at rest in the pit. It should be snug, only no t tight. If it is loose it may be difficult to maneuver. Kayaking is relaxing and comfortable sport especially around the islands. There are many bionomic kayaking tours offered throughout Hawaii that will take you places and show you some of the frightening creatures and sites of the islands.Kite boarding is a new age surface water sport that is trendy among young people. Kite boarding is very kindred to wakeboarding with the exception that the board is controlling their own movements with a kite, fully fit with handle, instead of being pulled by a boat. Kite boarding is an utmost(a) sport combining balance and coordination with the unique technique of keeping a kite in the air. Kite roomers have an unrivaled experience as they let the wind control their moves and can sometimes reach high of 30 feet, and if they skilled and adventurous they may be able to do flips and other stunts before smoothly returning to the ocean.It is recommended that the new kite boarder takes a few l essons to learn proper techniques before venturing out on a kite boarding adventure. Surfing is a timeless and chaste sport. Surfing like kite boarding is a surface water sport where the participant rides waves while balancing on a surf board. Surfing can actually be broken into many categories including body boarding, windsurfing, and body surfing. Body boarding is best described by development your body to ride a foam board over waves. Windsurfing uses some(prenominal) aspects of surfing and sailing. A windsurf board is a surf board with a sail attached.The wind surfer steers themselves with the sail and rides the wave as a surfer would. Body surfing is actually what the name implies, using ones body to ride the waves. Body surfers are usually equipped with cipher by swim fins to take on the task of riding the falling out waves. Sailing is a leisurely recreation sport in which a person, or group of people, steer a ship or sail boat using sails. Sail boats move forward because of the inertia caused when the wind is caught in the sail. Sailing is a technical sport and the proper skills must be learned before heading out to sea.Scuba diving is another popular sport among the islands. Scuba requires a certification because of the danger involved. There are many short certification courses for tourists to partake in. These courses cover the essentials and make time for some short open water dives were the scuba can explore the exotic world on ocean water. Hawaii is an exotic place with many things to offer the adventurer or sports enthusiast. It is all-important(a) to learn the techniques of the sports one wishes to indulge themselves in to ensure a honest and happy stay on the islands.

Puberty Mini Essay

Puberty Mini Essay There are many factors that run into the timing of pubescence. A large factor is genetics, because it posterior causes the trespass of new(prenominal) factors as well. Its said that maturation and pubescence are primed(p) by genetic forces and back be different depending on ethnicity as well. Children in the US seem to mature and hit puberty quick than Asian Americans, while African Americans are ahead of the US. Massimo Mangino, author from the double Research Department at Kings, says It is fascinating how common genetic variants trance both early puberty and weight gain. With that said fleshiness is some other factor and is becoming an epidemic in this country. Obesity can almost guarantee the girl will throw off an early start into puberty and can later lead to a higher insecurity of mental problems, risk-taking behavior, and even future breast cancer. But the opposite effect of fleshiness on pubertal timing may occur in boys. Studies have sho wn that early maturing boys seem to have a lower rate of obesity when compared with boys with normally or later timed puberty. Another factor is worry/stress.When there is a higher level of stress on the electric shaver it tends to prompt the carcass to send the hypothalamic signal and cause the claw to reach puberty at a younger age than normal. Since this sends the tiddler into early puberty, it can affect them with aggression and antisocial behavior as well later on. But on the other side of this, it can also delay puberty as well it typically relies on the type of stress and the environment of the stress. If the living conditions are poor and there is little food, the stress can lead to a delay of maturation.Early puberty flak for females can be much more damaging than later onset. Females who start puberty early are at higher risk for problems and cancer later in life and usually have a banish body image as well. Earlier puberty onset for males is not as damaging as it is on females though. Sometimes it is seen as a head start in some cultures. If the male is soused and larger than his peers he is looked up to. If the male has a later onset of puberty he may have a different show than his peers and may be picked one which can cause a negative body image as well.Works Cited Belsky, Janet (2010). Experiencing the Lifespan (2th Ed). New York Worth Publishers Yuen, F. The onslaught of Puberty. http//www. soc. hawaii. edu/leonj/409as98/yuen/famr499. html Walvoord, E. (2010). The Timing of Puberty Is it changing? Does It Matter? Journal of puerile Health, 17. (Kings College London, 2010) Researchers discover common genetic variants influence early puberty, body fat. http//www. news-medical. net/news/20101122/Researchers-discover-common-genetic-variants-influence-early-puberty-body-fat. aspx

Education Policy in Two Different Countries Essay

knowledge Policy in Two Different Countries launch These refers to the principles and policies made by the ordinatement in the field of instruction, collection of rules and laws that govern the procedures carried out in the gentilityal activity establishment. Education is a solve of study where know leadge, habits and skills of a particular group of people atomic number 18 contractable from generation to generation through training, t from each oneing or carrying out a look into. It occurs in variant forms such(prenominal) as formal, informal and non-formal with diametric purposes from institutions of encyclopaedism like colleges/universities, professional precept and graduate, job training and adult gentility. When implementing program line in a given country, fosterage policies argon evidently cognise that they can affect increase that people engage in like a shot at all ages. They take a crap to be detailedly analyzed for strong learning down the stair s different argonas in the field of cultivates such as the size of initiate to be constructed, grooming choice, certification and teacher precept, aimhouse privatization under commandment policy(Ball, 2009, 89), tracking, teaching methods, graduation requirements, curricular content, investment in the instruct infrastructure, and the value institutions are required to uphold and model. Analysis of nurture policy is a scholarly study that seeks to give answers of different questions such as the purpose of education, personal and societal objectives that education is designed to attain, methods to be used in attaining such objectives and tools applied in measuring their mishap or success. Intended research of informing educational policy is through in a wide variety of learning institutions and several faculty member disciplines. Beneficial researchers are affiliated with different departments such as economics, psychology, tender-hearted development and sociology, depart ments and shallows of education/public policy. Different countries have different educational policies according to the objectives and goals that education is expected to achieve. This essay critically evaluates issues concerning education policy in England and the States.Education policy in England enquiry shows that inequalities in education (Bunar, 2010 p.10) had erupted before schooldayss were started for the children. The data provided by OECD displayed a higher percentage of individuals application tertiary education in many countries if their parents reached tertiary take aim of education. In many countries, educational inequalities continue to increase where people who have acquired education at higher take aims have high possibilities of doing jobs which are non-formal. The question that prevails is whether the actual educational policies are minimizing these gaps. Are they relevant at their level of personneluation? The essay reviews the truth about policies at the school level in England this is due to the number of years one spends in school which is unconditional and plays an important role towards judicature intervention and it is conducted in a instruction that affects potentially all students. Recently, England started a good body of evaluating research of policies at school-level. The paygrade of these policies is based on school resources efficacy, market incentives, ped agogical approaches and school autonomy for raising science of education in schools. Since 1988, education carcass had one key character under The Education Act, which has led to the execution and designing a number of policies in education with an aim of upward(a) standards of education and exertion. A good number of policies have been introduced at each be of education, and a number of these policies have been evaluated. This gives an opportunity for a critical appraisal on such military ranks and the scope of different policies that have influenced opera tion of education. These valuations aim at the different ways of enhancing operation and reduce inequalities in education.educational inequalities in England These inequalities in the achievement of education can be differently identified at near points in individuals lives. However, these educational inequalities out at an early stage in the lifecycle and widen the gap as progress in education sequence is experienced. This description of the inequalities is aimed at motivate the evaluation of policies in education, which are used to alleviate inequalities in education and minimize achievement gaps, which is an important research in the field of education. chthonic this description, individual follows an ordered educational sequence which comprises of years in pre-school, imperious schooling years, post- domineering level of education and lastly to adult.Gaps in pre-school education initially we focused on the educational achievement gaps being present thus far before stude nts started going to school. These gaps are created by the environments they grow in, family back lands and different non-cognitive and cognitive levels of skills children have when entering school. Studies conducted under vocabulary skills (Lervag, 2010 p. 615) shows there is high dispersal of a number of sizeable gaps existing in gender and ethnical groups at the time of entering school.Compulsory school At the stage of imperative schooling, the gaps that were there at the school entry evolve. Where somewhat widens bandage others narrow as abilities of children at school makes them move either up or down the outcomes of the educational distribution. This can be affected by policies of education with the scope of affecting achievement in education.Education at post-compulsory level This level of education is strongly impinged by the disadvantages of education acquired during compulsory schooling and the pre-school years. It determines whether an individual continues with educat ion in post-compulsory level or not. This level is strongly determined by the education level of their parents.Adult learning Inequalities of education continue to increase even when a student completes regular education. They extend to adults in their live of working as their training and education occurs and mostly to those who have acquired higher levels of education. Under those stages of education, it is evident that inequalities in education emerge and exists at all levels in the sequence. Some gaps widen as individuals progresses more through the sequence of education especially those associated with disadvantages of schooling in urban areas are less compared to those in rural areas. This calls for a substantial and a careful evaluation of the policies of education designed to affect educational inequalities. The educational policies raft introduced to the England system of education fifteen years ago provides a good setting for evaluation methods and their success and thus provides a better understanding of educational work.Policy evaluation regarding to England school Although these policies at all levels of lifecycle are important for improving growth in education and discrimination reduction, the policies of school-level ought to be focused on in the England system of education. This is because compulsory years of schooling give an important time for the intervention of the judicature. It likewise acts as a good body of evaluation of the research policies in England. This calls for selective areas of policy with a critical appraisal which is rigorous. The side by side(p) are headings of policy discussion and their methods of evaluation. civilize resources refer to perennial debates concerning educational literary productions of economics of whether if the expenditure of the school is change magnitude pass on have an effect on improving pupil attainment (Peters, 2009 p.1). Research on whether the implantation of such policies can reduce t he types of attainment gaps experienced earlier. The relevance of such implementation is to determine whether additional expenditure can lead to follow sound in developed countries at the typical levels. Inter study research indicated that there is no good relationship amid student outcomes and resources. However, some puts more swithers on studies particularly with methodological design with dictatorial impacts. The quarrel faced in the implementation of this policy is that school resources are everlastingly allocated disproportionately to disadvantaged students. If this issue is not dealt with fully in methodological design, the way resources and attainment are related with one another will be easily obscured. Critical evaluation shows that favorable association between educational disadvantages and school resources is counter-balanced to the unfavorable association between educational attainment and educational disadvantage. This clearly indicates that association between e ducational attainment and school resources is very low, and there is no truthful reflection of casual relationship. at that place is the fact that the implementation of controlled randomized experiments has been impossible, researchers have found it difficult to fold up that such a problem has been solved. Being the biggest category of expenditure of the UK government, it calls for a more significant sense of catch up withting whether if the expenditure is either increased or reduced there is the likelihood of having an impact on students outcomes. This prognosis is very important for the future economy in the country and the future prosperity of individuals. Recent studies have been done concerning this issue in England use national citizen database and all schools expenditure. The national course of study of the English government is shared out into four key levels/stages, then at the end of these stages teachers evaluates the students or they are given national tests th at externally and marked at the school when students are the age of 11 and 16. A study done have critically evaluated the relationship between attainment and expenditure in the secondary school level at the age of 14 and 16 respectively, displayed a lessened positive impact of resources used and on pupil attainment. The challenge nooky it is that political control is used as an instrument for expenditure in the school. Government has initiated better flame work for examining casual effects derived from this context. In early 2000s, a flagship evaluation policy was done on the government labor and the (EiC) program for the secondary schools in England. Under this program, disadvantaged schools principally located in urban areas were provided extra resources with an effort of improving standards. Incentives for a period of more than thirty years a concerted effort has been done with an aim of increasing the choice of parents, competition between schools and their answerableness fo r the children feat (Eom, 2011p.418). If the economy develops wholesome, children go to better schools with incentives of increasing performance. This is because their effort should be strongly linked to pupil study and numbers which is disclosed to parents under the accountability framework. School autonomy most government schools function indoors a given framework based on their jurisdiction concerning scathe of teacher conditions and pay, access codes, constitution of the body that is governing and the curriculum (Clark,2009 p.760). Since 2000, the England government started academies which led to the emergence of new schools given more autonomy compared to typical government schools in terms of their liberty of operations. The rationale piece of ass this crackinger violence on autonomy is to encourage schools to have more innovative policies and drive utilitarianness of standards. In England, the so called academies are managed by any establish governor or their sp onsors who are responsible in recruiting all staffs, freedom over curriculum implementation, agreeing on the terms and conditions of payment and organizational aspects of the school. pedagogics although since the year 2000, school autonomy in England seems to have gained popularity, it has not been true to various school organizational aspects (Terenzin, 2010 p.772). The government has put into place prescriptive measures in order to improve standards in numeracy and literacy through pedagogical methods. The national numeracy and literacy strategy rolled out in 1998 and 1999 was aimed at improving teaching quality through introducing more focused effective management of the figure and book of instructions. Both literacy and numeracy did not present an overall time increase that was allot in teaching some subjects. Both dramatically represented a change on the teaching methods of such subjects. The above evaluation on education policy in England clearly shows that gaps in educati onal attainment are evident from earlier times and have been measured on the lifecycle. Various policies have been reviewed at the school level and implemented in England which brought high standards economic evaluation, aiming to see how scope of educational inequalities can be impinged. This has been done under the evaluation of the following educational policies implemented in England such as incentives, school resources, pedagogical approaches and school autonomy. This issue of reducing educational inequalities and gaps that exist in the sphere of education has been shaped for effective implementation. It enhances positive impacts through the use of the following contextual factors applied in secondary school classroom setting. Structure and organization of the educational system this helps in shaping the development of curriculum by considering the society served by the education system. It reflects the aspirations and the needs of the students, function and the nature of lear ning and realmment conceptualization on the importance of learning. This enables students to know how policies of education are implemented and established, influences the operation of schools and helps them to achieve their educational goals and curricular. Climate of learning in schools this involves many factors and values such as safety practices, cultures, and organizational structures shaping the school to match and function in a given way (Cohen,2009 p.189). Favorable and positive climate created in school by all stakeholders results to higher achievement by students. Teaching staff their professional development plays a great important role by attempting to reform or change an education system. The general purpose behind teachers evaluation is to ensure that the quality of instructions students receive from teachers are safeguarded and improved. Teachers are evaluated through classrooms observation by the principals, coadjutor review of teachers and checking on students performance. Parental involvement for a school to be successful there must have a high cooperation among teachers, school administration and parents. A research done indicated that if parents participate in the education of their children, it results to an increase in the academic achievement of the students and an overall attitude improvement towards school. Classroom environment instructional activities carried out in school are always influenced by environment in the classroom. This includes classroom size, class composition and instructional time. Research indicates that favorable classroom environment benefits academic development thus helping students to achieve educational goals.Education policy in regular army In USA, education is provided by both private and public schools. Education in public schools is universally visible(prenominal), funded and controlled by the state, federal and local government. nonpublic schools are set free to come up with their own curriculum an d policies of staffing. Educational evaluation plays a significant role in USA as it assesses and distinguishes particular characteristics of the education process. It is a professional process by which incessant review is commenced by independent educators with an aim of improving the learning process. This attempt is done to ensure smooth progress on the altogether learning experience. The evaluation process in USA is conducted under the following ternary routes Personal evaluation this comprises of a legal and an ethical process, the standards behind it are educational, significant and judicious. Personnel evaluation standards are easily implemented, clever in funds and proficient in utility. Program evaluation it involves ground standards that provide a guarantee of the demanded information by users. This process of evaluation is based on factors that are prudent, practical, and thrifty and save. It results to an accurate and complete evaluation to the point. Student evaluati on it is a program carried out ethically and legally which is kept in the students mind while others are affected by it. Its standards are diligently judicious, educational and significant therefore it is an extremely useful evaluation to students. The process is very sensible, efficient, affordable, feasible, politically and kindly. Education policy in USA has been effectively evaluated with an aim of ensuring educational effectiveness among students at different levels of education. Policy-amenable of the school characteristics are among the factors controlled under school management or national policy of education. It refers to substantive policy measures of education in areas such as governance, curriculum, accountability and development of a professional teacher and other characteristics at the school-level known to improve teaching. This discussion focuses on three main areas of policy-amenable characteristics of a school which shapes educational policy implementation. They include school climate, school resources and school policies. It is also interested in measuring the school context by mean socio-economic students backgrounds within the school. Relative impacts determined by school characteristics of policy-amenable and school context on the quality of education has helped policy makers to have a control. The question under the educational policy evaluation is why some schools are performing better than others. If the policy evaluation can observe the factors causing such deviation in terms of different school performance, better strategies can be implemented to change such performance deviation that is identifying general characteristics of schools with high performance and use such information to improve performance of a given school. The following are the three main areas according to PISA which shapes education policy implementation and has an effect towards students performance. School resources comprises of tangible resources and materials such as the school size and the quality of physical infrastructure in the school, human resources including number of teaching staff (Peters, 2009 p.1). They have a tertiary qualification and the number of students in the school compared to the available teachers. If the school infrastructure is well constructed and the school has enough teachers the performance of students is plausibly to increase. This evaluation conducted in schools ensures effective implementation of the curriculum which facilitates achievement of educational goals. School climate entails different aspects culture of the school including how well teachers and students get along, disciplinary climate (Crul, 2009 p. 1478). In addition, it includes how committed and motivated schools teachers are and how strongly does the students identify themselves with their school. This factor is implemented well by school principals through ensuring that students are well disciplined and that teachers-students cooperation is improved. It is also well maintained through students motivation that results to high performance of students. School policies it comprises the level of autonomy enjoyed by the school when making decisions, issues concerning accountability of whether self-evaluation is conducted in the school and students progress monitored (Creemers, 2010 p.815). Such policies also determine whether the school gives the parents information concerning the students performance or not. Lastly these policies establish the degree of selectivity in the school concerning admission policies and the way low achievers are conveyancingred to different schools. These factors shape the issue of educational inequality and the gaps created in the secondary level, and if well implemented high attainment is achieved. Conclusively, evaluation of education policy is an important factor in different countries for educational effectiveness. The above evaluation clearly shows some of the challenges experienced in scho ol such educational inequalities, execrable performance and non-effective governance among others results to poor performance. England and USA among other nations have developed educational policy evaluation at different levels of education. From the above discussion, it is clear that these policies have improved standards of education shaped under different contextual factors. Comparably, both countries have had intimately the same factors such as school resources, school policies among other discussed factors above. The good word is that such policies should be improved and well implemented and for who are til now to implement should do it for educational effectiveness.ReferencesAnderson, P., Chisholm, D., & Fuhr, D. C. (2009). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. The Lancet, 373(9682), 2234-2246.Ball, S. J. (2009). Privatising education, privatising education policy, privatising educational research network gove rnance and the competition state. Journal of Education Policy, 24(1), 83-99.Beauchamp, C., & Thomas, L. (2009). Understanding teacher identity An overview of issues in the writings and implications for teacher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 39(2), 175-189.Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford university press.Bunar, N. (2010). Choosing for quality or inequality current perspectives on the implementation of school choice policy in Sweden. Journal of education policy, 25(1), 1-18.Cohen, J., McCabe, L., Michelli, N. M., & Pickeral, T. (2009). School climate Research, policy, practice, and teacher education. The Teachers College Record, 111(1), 180-213.Cooper, A., Levin, B., & Campbell, C. (2009). The growing (but yet limited) importance of evidence in education policy and practice. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2-3), 159-171.De Bortoli, L., & Thomson, S. (2010). Contextual factors that influence the achievement of Australias Indigenous students Results fr om PISA 2000-2006. OECD Programme for world(prenominal) Student Assessment (PISA), 7.Halsz, G., & Michel, A. (2011). Key Competences in Europe interpretation, policy reflection and implementation. European Journal of Education, 46(3), 289-306.Halpin, D. (Ed.). (2013). Researching education policy Ethical and methodological issues. Routledge.Hobson, A. J., Ashby, P., Malderez, A., & Tomlinson, P. D. (2009). Mentoring line teachers What we know and what we dont. Teaching and teacher education, 25(1), 207-216.Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). The prosocial classroom Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. refreshen of Educational Research, 79(1), 491-525.Levinson, B. A., Sutton, M., & Winstead, T. (2009). Education Policy as a Practice of index number Theoretical Tools, Ethnographic Methods, Democratic Options. Educational Policy, 23(6), 767-795.Papastergiou, M. (2009). Digital Game-Based Learning in high school Computer Sci ence education Impact on educational effectiveness and student motivation. Computers & Education, 52(1), 1-12.Rappleye, J., Imoto, Y., & Horiguchi, S. (2011). Towards thick descriptionof educational transfer understanding a Japanese institutions importof European language policy. Comparative Education, 47(4), 411-432.Rizvi, F., & Lingard, B. (2009). Globalizing education policy. Routledge.Warnock, M., & Terzi, L. (Eds.). (2010). Special educational needs A new look. Continuum International Publishing Group.Wiseman, A. W. (2010). The uses of evidence for educational policymaking Global contexts and supranational trends. Review of research in education, 34(1), 1-24.Yudof, M. G., Levin, B., Moran, R. F., Ryan, J. E., & Bowman, K. L. (2011). Educational policy and the law. MSU Legal Studies Research Paper, (09-15).Source document

Scientific Research

Scientific search Scientific Research is method ground on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data within a framework. It is Information based on empirical, based on observation or measurement of relevant information or free from bias or emotions and objectivity. All aspects of the investigation are described in sufficient detail, so that the study can be repeated by anyone. Scientific question focalizees on solving problems and pursues a step by step logical, organized, and austere method to identify the problems, gather data analyze them and draw reasoned conclusion. Scientific method is techniques or procedures used to analyze empirical demonstrate in an attempt to confirm of disprove prior concepts Empirical operator something is verifiable by observation, experimentation, or experience. Characteristics of Scientific Research 1. Purposive ness 2. Rigor 3. Testability 4. Replicability 5. Precision and Confidence 6. Objectivity 7. Generalizability 8. Parsimony Purpos ive ness research start with a definite aim and purpose. Example The focus is on increasing the commitment of employees to the organization, as this will beneficial in many ways.Less absentees, increased performance take. Rigorous research involves a good theoretical base and a carefully thought knocked out(p) methodology. For example The double-decker of a company ask 10-12 employees to indicate what would their level of commitment. If he solely reaches on conclusion how employee commitment can be increased. Its unscientific method. Testability Formulation of hypothesis and its testability. To test logically developed hypothesis to see whether or not the data support the hypotheses developed later the careful study of the problem situation.For Example Taking the previous example, the manager or researcher develop certain hypothesis on how piece of work commitment can be enhanced, then these can be well-tried by applying certain statistical tests to the data collected for the purpose. Replicability Repetition of results. If resembling finding emerge on the basis of data collected by other organizations employing the same method. To put t differently, the results of test hypotheses should be back up again and yet the same type of research is repeated in similar circumstances. Precision and ConfidencePrecision It refers to the closeness of the findings to reality based on a sample. It reflects the degree of accuracy of the results on the basis of the sample, to what sincerely exists in the universe. Confidence Probability that our estimations are correct. Confidently claim that 95% of the time our results would be true. Objectivity The conclusion drawn through the description of the results of data analysis should be objective it should be based on the facts of the findings derived from the actual data and not on our own subjective or emotional values.Generalizability It refers to the scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizatio nal setting to others. Parsimony Simplicity in explaining phenomena or problems that occur, and in generating solutions for the problems, it is invariably proffered to complex research frameworks that considered an unmanageable number of factors. The Hypothetico- Deductive Method 1. annotation 2. Preliminary information gathering 3. Theory formulation 4. Hypothesizing 5. Scientific data collection 6. Data analysis 7. Deduction

Secondary Youth Perspective On Dropping Out Of School Education Essay

The rate at which bookmans ar displace come in of civilize is a quandary and has become a serious job for tame territories across the tell apart. The intent of this survey is to reap penetrations from the drop fall discloses themselves, sing their determination to go forth civilise earlier completion and to codify their perceptual experiences, beliefs and attitudes toward drop out of develop. This paper examines the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptual experiences with wonders and will be conducted on 10 musicians in Penang. A soft research method was apply to concentrate on the significance that people install of their lives, their experiences, and their environment.Secondary spring chicken Perspective on Droping Out of SchoolConcern for dropouts is non new. Mohamad Kamal Haji Nawawi ( Bornep patient ofcast Online, 2012 ) , general director for Malayan Talents Development of Talent Corporation Malaysia Berhad state that between stamp One and Form Five, out of the 400,000 pupils that enrolled in Form One, some 44,000 would go forth school yearly before last their Form Five, or Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia. Some 80,000 pupils are estimated to h obsolete dropped out of standby schools from 2006 to 2010, said Deputy Education Minister Datuk Dr Wee Ka Siong ( The Malayan Insider, 2011 ) . He speculated that some factors for dungs out may be for wellness rationality, to come in the work force and beca expenditure of deficiency of involvement in instruction ( The Malaysian Insider, 2011 ) . Previously parents can state they have five or excitetuplet kids and can non afford to pay school fees. Now, the authorities is taking help of that. If they do non hold the money, they will be slacken offn RM100 and for hapless households, we give RM500 one-off, said Dr Wee ( The Malaysian Insider, 2011 ) . We are working towards that, intending policy-wise we want to do everyone finish Form Five, at least complete the secondary instruction, he said when asked if the ministry will see doing secondary school registration as mandatary. said Dr Wee ( The Malaysian Insider, 2011 ) . Before appearing at the grounds for dropping out from school, it is necessary to specify what is means to drop out. We use term dropout refer to youth whom leave secondary school before starting time, including those who leave but re rick subsequently, and those who after complete some manakin of equivalency sheepskin ( Audus & A Willms, 2001 ) . Droping out of school is a serious job, and rules of order is eventually admiting the profound societal and economic effects for pupils, their households, the school and the participation. leave school without a sheepskin can hold permanent prohibit effects on the individual socially and economically, doing terrible disadvantages come ining into big life.Understanding why pupils drop out of school is the key to turn toing this major educational job. A figure of theories have been advanced to contro l the particular phenomenon of the saging out ( Audas & A Willms, 2001 Finn & A Zimmer, 2012 Rumberger & A Lim, 2008 ) . The theorical impersonate to be used in this survey will be the Rumberger s ( 2011 ) model that use single factors associated with pupils themselves, such as their attitudes, conducts and educational public presentation. The different frameworks focal point on the con school textual factors found in pupils households, schools, and communities. both(prenominal) models are utile and, necessary to understand this complex phenomenon. It is of import for the community to cognize why pupils are dropping out of school. There are figure of grounds.Individual positionIndividual factors that predict whether pupils drop out or alumnus from steep school autumn into four countries ( 1 ) behaviours, ( 2 ) attitudes, and ( 3 ) educational public presentation.( 1 ) Behavior. A broad scope of behaviours both in and out of school have been shown to annunciate dropout and graduation. One of the most of import is student battle, which includes pupils active engagement in academic work ( e.g. , coming to category, making prep ) and the societal facets of school ( e.g. , take parting in athleticss or new(prenominal) extracurricular activities ) . misbehaviour in high school and delinquent behaviour outside of high school are both decidedly associated with higher dropout and lower graduation rank. Adolescents who drink and fume are more likely to originate sex earlier than their equals those who engage in these behaviour forms frequently have a history of troubles in school ( Rumberger, 2011 ) . Having friends who engage in condemnable behaviour or friends who have dropped out besides increases the odds of dropping out ( Rumberger, 2011 ) .( 2 ) Attitudes. The dropout literature has by and large focused on a individual indicator- educational outlooks ( how far in school a pupil expects to travel ) and has found that higher degrees of educational ou tlooks are associated with lower dropout rates.( 3 ) Educational public presentation. Droping out represents one facet of three interrelated dimensions of educational public presentation ( 1 ) academic accomplishment, as reflected in classs and trial tonss, ( 2 ) educational stableness, which reflects whether pupils remain in the same school ( school stableness ) or remain enrolled in school at all ( enrollment stableness ) , and ( 3 ) educational attainment, which is reflected by old ages of schooling completed and the completion of grades or sheepskin ( Rumberger and Lim, 2008 ) . The model suggests that educational attainment is dependent on both educational stableness and academic accomplishment. That is, pupils who either interrupt their schooling by dropping out or altering schools, or who have hapless academic accomplishment in school, are less likely to graduate or finish that dent of schooling.Research QuestionThe research inquiries examined in this paper are profound inq uiryWhat are the grounds for pupils detachment from school?SubquestionsWhat factors contributed to their determination to go forth?Can the dropouts themselves reveal the critical junctions in their determination to fragment their instruction?What can school decision makers and pedagogues do to forestall pupils from dropping out?The chief focal point of treatment will be around the grounds for dropping out of school and cognizing why they make such determination. The 3rd research inquiry is to understand either they understood can endorse into some educational scene. Finally, the 4th inquiry is looks at illustrations of good pattern, seek to forestall this procedure happens once more.Significance of the packKeeping pupils in school is really of import for the wellbeing of the pupils and society as a whole. Objective of this paper is to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptual experiences of the dropout pupils through consultations. The role player reply will assist sc hools develop plans or policies for trim downing the school bead out rate. What helps in accomplishing this nonsubjective mustiness be studied so that suited intercessions and policies may be emaciated out and implemented by the relevant g everywherenments. To cut down the dropout rates of pupils in the long tally, the issue of school battle must be given due consideration. Schools can besides profit from the findings of the survey. School tendency can analyze how existing school patterns, the school atmosphere and instructors accept pupils school attitude.Research ParadigmDroping out of school can non be understood merely by analyzing the conditions of households and schools, or even the behaviours of pupils. The research prole takes a societal constructivism base as the research worker is desire to understand by analyzing the positions and readings of those conditions and behaviours by dropouts themselves. Phenomenology surveies of dropouts are based on this premiss. meth odologyApproachThis research will be taking a phenomenalogical round down as the research worker will be analyzing their lives, their experiences, and their environment. A qualitative research can assist understand the grounds for dropping out of school. converse and interact with a little group of school dropouts. briny interview types that qualitative research workers use are in-depth, one-on-one interviews.Interview QuestionsWhat factors contributed to their determination to go forth?What can school decision makers and pedagogues do to forestall pupils from dropping out?Was dropping out of school a good determination or a bad determination for you? explain why.Describe your grounds for go forthing school early.When you think back over the old ages, depict whatever specific events that lead up to your dropping out of school.Would you make anything otherwise if you had the chance?Is there anything else you would wish to state?SampleThe participants will be obtained utilizing a convenience trying method. The first participant will be introduced by an familiarity and the participants are asked to propose other participants who qualify.10 participants will be interviewed for this research. These interviews were typically 30 to 1 hr in continuance. The participants were asked a set of semi-structured open-ended inquiries in a prearranged order. Perticipant of the survey should be above 18, no specific pick of gender or ethnicity, must be an grownup who has dropped out from school.ProcedureThe interview will be conducted on 10 participants with the presence of research worker. Throughout the session, the participants will be asked inquiries about the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptual experiences. It will wholly be done in a maximal clip of 1 hr, and a lower arrange of 30 proceedingss, and merely be a erstwhile interview, this is so that the participants would non be excessively tired after the interview. The interview will be record in audio format so that a written text can be done. The interview will be done in a closed room so that the privateness and the confidentiality of the participants will be protected with the best attempts of the experimenter. actors can decline to reply any inquiry. Participant replies to all inquiries are private and confidential.Dependability and ValidityTo guarantee dependableness of the consequences for this research, pilot trial will be conducted on one of the participant before the existent research begins. The pilot trial will be used to guarantee that the inquiries are capable of acquiring the needed replies and to look into whether a certain interview location would be suited for this interview every bit good as to cognize the estimated clip an interview will take. After the complete aggregation of informations the consequences will be interpreted back to the participant to corroborate that there was no misunderstanding of the participant s words. A equal reappraisal will besides be conducted am ong the researches class mates to guarantee that the research worker had non do any errors.

Distillation Experiment

SUMMARY The aim is to observe di slakeate growth of ethanol- piddle etymon and to measure the inebriant content later on border in this try out. 500 ml of solution with an alcoholic beverage content of 32% (v/v) is used for this experiment. Temperature values be recorded for every 10 ml alcohol obtained in the flask. The process is repeated in our experiment and for the showtime process, the information assembly process continues until the distillate reaches to cc ml. The concentration of alcohol is measured for first process by hydrometer.For the instant process, approximately 200 ml of distillate containing 70% alcohol is used and data collection continues until the distillate reaches 150 ml. Fin wholey, the concentration of alcohol is also measured after 2nd process as 82%. INTRODUCTION The objective of this experiment is to distillate the alcohol- body of urine solution into ethanol and water. distillate is a process of separating garlands establish on differences in volatilities of components in a exchange state liquid admixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical interval process, and non a chemical reaction.The basic requirement of distillment is t lid the components of the liquid solution must have different boil crests. There are just about types of distillate methods which are flash distillation, simple batch distillation, simple travel distillation, continuous distillation, vacuum distillation, etc. Flash distillation It is a single stage process which liquid mixture is drying upized. The drying up and the liquid are come to equilibrium, and these phases are associated. Simple steam distillation This is a judicial separation process at lower temperatures.This process is often used to separate a uplifted change state component from small amounts of nonvolatile impurities. free burning distillation This is a process in which a liquid mixture is continuously fed into the process and separated carve ups are removed continuously. nullity distillation It is used for whatsoever compounds having very high boiling points. quite of the increasing the temperature too much, lowering the pressure is preferred in this distillation type. In this experiment we used simple batch distillation in order to distillate alcohol-water mixture.Simple batch distillation This is a separation process which the liquid charge is boiled slowly and the vapors are move as quickly as vapors form to condenser, where the distillate, condensed vapor, is collected. The first factor of vapor condensed will be the richest in the more volatile component. Vapor-liquid equilibria dramatise an important role in distillation process. Vapor-Liquid-Equilibria (VLE) Constant pressure VLE data is obtained from boiling point diagrams. VLE data of binary mixtures is often presented as a plot, as shown in the figure below.The curved stock certificate is called the equilibrium line and describes the firearms of the liquid and vapour in equilibrium at some fixed pressure. Distillation experiment is applied to two compatible liquids which are ethanol-water, water-soluble in each other in all ratios. Mixtures of ethanol and water form an azeotrope. Azeotropic mixture Azeotropic mixture is a solution that forms a vapor with the same concentration as the solution, distilling without a change in concentration. The composition of the liquid phase at the boiling point is identical to hat of the vapor in equilibrium with it, and azeotropes form constant-boiling solutions. The exact composition of the azeotrope changes if the boiling point is altered by a change in the outdoor(a) pressure. Ethyl alcohol and water form an azeotrope of 95. 6% at 78. 1 C. Azeotropic systems give rise to VLE plots where the equilibrium curves crosses the diagonals. METHODS AND MATERIALS -Distillation apparatus -Alcoholmeter -Graduated cylinder -500 ml of 30% (v/v) water-ethanol mixture Source Retrieved from http//www. baruch. cun y. edu/wsas/academics/natural_science/chm_1000/6_wine. df The distillation apparatus is for the separation of two miscible liquids by taking advantage of their boiling point differences. The mixture is sic in the distillation flask, and a thermometer is located in there. The heater has a knob that is used to adjust the heat up. Cold tap water is circulated in the condenser to condense the vapor. First, the ethanol water mixture was poured into the distillation flask, and boiling chips were used to prevent over bubbling. Then the heater was turned on at a moderate level to prevent fast heating and better separation of the liquids.After the first drop of the distillate was obtained, the temperature was recorded. Every 10 milliliters, the temperature in the flask was recorded. At the end of the distillation, an alcoholmeter was used to measure the alcohol content of the distillate. 200 milliliters of distillate was distillated again in the same behavior to obtain a higher alcohol p ercentage in the closing product. DATA & CALCULATION Notations used A Ethanol B water system XA ? Mole fraction of ethanol in liquid YA ? Mole fraction of ethanol in vapor XB? Mole fraction of water in liquid YB ?Mole fraction of water in vapor Assumptions Pressure is 101,32kPa Constant physical properties Condensed fluid drops on the wall of still are neglected Initial data 500 mL of ethanol-water mixture is used for the first distillation. 200 mL of ethanol-water mixture is used for the second distillation. Calculation XA & YA values can be calculated from the Raoults law of nature equation ? A + ? B = P PA* XA + PB* XB = P ? Since XA + XB = 1 PA* XA + PB* (1- XA)= P XA = (P PB)/( PA PB) The PA & PB values were obtained according to the temperature data. (Acland,T. 2011) 1st DISTILLATION T(? C)PBPAXAYAXBYB 7843,5100,11,0015551,0032540,000,00 78,544,4102,10,9864820,9940760,0135180,005924 7945,3104,10,9527210,9788620,0472790,021138 79,245,7104,90,9395270,9727240,0604730,027 276 79,345,9105,30,9329970,9696460,0670030,030354 79,546,3106,20,9185310,9627710,0814690,037229 8047,2108,30,8857610,9467820,1142390,053218 80,548,2110,40,8540190,9305540,1459810,069446 8149,2112,60,8220820,9136050,1779180,086395 81,550,2114,80,7913310,8966130,2086690,103387 8251,21170,7617020,8795810,2382980,120419 82,552,2119,30,7320420,8619480,2679580,138052 353,3121,60,7030750,8438010,2969250,156199 8455,4126,30,6476730,8073540,3523270,192646 8557,7131,20,5934690,7684880,4065310,231512 85,558,8133,70,567690,7491140,432310,250886 8762,4141,50,4920350,687160,5079650,31284 8864,8146,90,4448230,6449320,5551770,355068 88,566,1149,60,4217960,6227870,5782040,377213 9070158,10,3555050,5547310,6444950,445269 The average composition of gist textile distilled, Yav was measured by using hydrometer as 70%. So the closing composition of remaining liquid,X2, can be obtained by material symmetry using Rayleigh equation L1X1 = L2X2+ (L1 L2)Yav 00(0,32) = 300 X2 + 200(0,7) ? X2 = 0,067 That means, 6,7 % of ethanol remained in the distillation still. 2nd DISTILLATION T(? C)PBPAXAYAXBYB 78,544,4102,10,9864820,9940760,0135180,005924 79,546,3106,20,9185310,9627710,0814690,037229 8047,2108,30,8857610,9467820,1142390,053218 8149,2112,60,8220820,9136050,1779180,086395 8251,21170,7617020,8795810,2382980,120419 8455,4126,30,6476730,8073540,3523270,192646 8864,8146,90,4448230,6449320,5551770,355068 9070158,10,3555050,5547310,6444950,445269 The average composition of total material distilled, Yav was measured by using hydrometer as 82%.So the final composition of remaining liquid,X2, can be obtained by material balance using Rayleigh equation L1X1 = L2X2+ (L1 L2)Yav 200(0,7) = 50 X2 + 150(0,82) ? X2 = 0,34 That means, 34 % of ethanol remained in the distillation still. DISCUSSION In first distillation, according to data obtained boiling point diagram is drawn. This represent can be seen as incomplete because some data is missing in order to complete graph since high temperature is not reached. Moreover, azeotropic point cannot be seen because we are not able to change pressure, so we cannot see that point and forward.In boiling point diagram graph for second distillation, we omit some of data because fraction is found negative, which is not possible. There may be error due to experimental hold in or reflux. CONCLUSION In this experiment, our aim is to learn basic distillation concept and how to take and evaluate our data. We also learnt how to put data into boiling point diagram. In first distillation it is obtained 70% alcohol water solution and in the second distillation it is obtained 78% alcohol water solution.However, because of negative fraction values, we are not able to put all the data into boiling point diagram. REFERENCES Ackland, T. (2011). Home distillation of alcohol. Retrieved from http//homedistiller. org/ Geankoplis, C. J. (2003). Transport processes and separation process principles. Prentice Hall. Seperation Process. Distillation. Retr ieved from http//www. separationprocesses. com/ Distillation/DT_Chp05. htm Wikipedia. Distillation. Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Distillation Wikipedia. Azeotropic Distillation. Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/

Information Use Essay

In todays business environment tuition is the most important asset a business has, this tuition helps to support, maintain, evolve and track its quotidian activities. The next logical step is implementing a ashes that is conducive and geared towards this goal. With the help of its breeding system, and its instruction technology department, dole outrs, gross barters people, the operations department and others with access to this training have a adept tool to help them do their work on a effortless basis.The structure of the information system is paramount on how accessible this information is to the people that depend upon it to complete their normal workday. The managers and IT department work fast together to agree upon and decide on an information system that go out be feasible to the business itself, thus setting up a system that will be beneficial to the business itself. In my precedent workplace, this was a real estate comp any(prenominal) that foc apply on i nadequate gross gross sales and loan modifications.Our information was provided by the homeowner, this information consisted of their mortgage statement, camber records, hardship letters describing why they needed the scam sales or the loan modification, and a list of their debt-income ratio and any foreclosure information. The database we worked on was a system c completelyed Salesforce this system enabled us to keep track of the c all tolds we had to beget and text file all details of that call. It contained all of the information we needed to accomplish this task, it held guests liable(p) data, the banks that we dealt with and a method to track the goals we had to accomplish each week.This system was in any case an ERM (electronic records management database) we had the ability to scan and upload pertinent client information such as three months of bank statements, paystubs, and hardship letters, foreclosure notices and current mortgage statements. It was very user friend ly and had the ability to be modified towards the involve of the company using it. That being said management asked us to make suggestions on what conferitions we saw or felt that would help make our jobs lucky and more efficient.The short sale team made several suggestions to add to Salesforce, thereby making it more specified for our daily tasks. The short sale team was not the only ones using Salesforce, our sales team that generated the leads or clients were the first line of defense they had to enter the clients information into Salesforce and scan all the documents related to a homeowners situation. The sales team was also responsible for contacting the homeowners to send updated and current documents pertinent to their short sales or loan modifications.In essence Salesforce was also used as a data management system, it had the ability to store all data, generate sales reports, processing, integrating, distributing, securing, and archiving data effectively for current and f uture use. Accessing Salesforce was promptly available if we were out of the plaza as well, we had the capability to log in and view reports, or if a new client was added, and if we needed information to set up an appraisal that was requested by the bank in the lead the short sale was approved.This ability was very handy for the real estate agent and the processor handling the account, the ability to access the main database with all pertinent information about the client away from the office was an dainty tool that Salesforce offered. Maintenance of Salesforce was managed by our small IT staff, any problems with the system was change by reversal or fixed very quickly, as the licenses held by Salesforce enabled the IT staff to manage the database as an in-house system, therefore they did not have to contact anyone with any issues.At the same time the permissions on Salesforce were very strict, a persons user id and password only allowed access to certain parts, the short sales team could not modify or change anything, especially any client information or access the sales departments input and vice versa. This made sense, because there was very important information on the database, the clients financial data and mortgage information, very sensitive information.In essence, the database that the company used in my opinion was user friendly and seemed to address the needs of the business, in this case a real estate office that held important and sensitive financial data, credit reports and mortgage information. The system enabled us to handle the flow of information and daily activities easy, made access to runnel reports quickly and efficiently. Further, management was able to view and track completion of daily tasks and weekly goals to generate reports quickly.

Family Structure in India

Niranjan, S. Sureender, S. and Rao, G. Rama. Family Structure in India turn out from NFHS. Demography India. 27(2). 1998. P. 287- three hundred. Family Structure in India Evidence from NFHS S. Niranjan, S. Sureenderand G. Rama Rao Introduction With the addition in the urbanization and industrialization, the concept of family in India, which once was to create and maintain a common culture among the members of the family, is undergoing changes.However according to Beteille (1964), inspite of socio-economic and political changes, family life and family anatomical coordinate fuddle remained as an integral part of Indian ordination with the spirit of family solidarity as the sustaining power. Ross (1961) free-base that many Indians went through changes in the fictitious character of family in which they lived in various sequences mammoth critical point family, small(a) reefer family, atomic family, and thermo thermonuclear family with dependants.DSouza (1971) argues that, the Indian family has been subjected to stress and strain, and inspite of resistance to change ein truthwhere the centuries, is s humbledly undergoing a process of change materially. According to Cohen (1981) home bases thrust reputedly been shrinking in size for ten thousand historic period or more than than than, right up to the present, and this is a result of an evolving technology that requires fewer co-operating mass to secure food, empenn eld children, and look after the sick.Though it is broadly speaking felt that enounce families, whose members were strangle together by ties of common ancestry and common property look out on in the past, on that point be diverging views regarding the kindred. Gore (1968) says, the fraternal or collateral vocalise family was never the most common form. Goode (1968) asserts that the large correlative family was not common at any time in India perhaps because of the great forces of fission, initially betwixt daughters-in- law and later between brothers.In a admit of three villages located in three various districts in Karnataka state, two-thirds of the families were nuclear and the rest were different forms of conjugation family (Rao, Kulkarni and Rayappa, 1986). Although it can be argued that all over the age joystick family is s minusculely giving way to nuclear families, a number of studies reveal that despite the fact of living in the nuclear family set-up many functional traffichips ar maintained with the nonresidential family members (Agarwala, 1962 Desai, 1964 Kapadia, 1969 Gore, 1968).As s till in India most of the marriages ar arranged by the p bents, marital life begins in the pargonnts family and later depending on the situation, a dwelling unit is arranged by the parents or other older members of the family (Richard et 1 al. , 1985). Hence, it is possible that the decisions taken by the members of the nuclear family are guided by their parents and relatives. However, this to an extent depends on the different character references of family grammatical construction. full generally, family types are categorise conveniently in many of the studies as nuclear and spliff families.In much(prenominal) a pillow slip, it would be rather difficult to think meaningfully about the significance of these family types on its family members. To be precise, family types are classified differently by various scholars. Kapadia (1969) have identified two kind family types namely nuclear and word/ widen, magical spell Richard et al. (1985) and Caldwell et al. (1988) have classified into nuclear, stem, joint, joint-stem and others. To reckon this issue further it would be necessary to understand the changes in the family structure at the macro level i. . , India over the years, which to an extent has been attempted in this report card. Objectives The specific objectives of this paper are (i) to understand the change in family structure at two points of time i. e. , in 1981 (census) and 1992-93 (NFHS), in different states of India, (ii) to study the differentials in family structure by different socio-economic characteristics of the head of the family at the all-India level. Sources of selective information The data for this paper is obtained from National Family Health Survey, which was conducted during 1992-93.The primary objective of the muckle is to provide national and state-level data on different demographic and socio-economic determinants in respect of family planning, maternal and child health indicators. The survey in addition put in the information at three levels-Village, syndicate and Individual levels. The data for this paper is obtained from the fellowship questionnaire, which contains information, related to age, sex, martial status, education, occupation and relationship to the head of the household for all universal residents as well as for the visitors who slept last dark in the house.In addition, the household questi onnaire also included information on lodgement conditions, such as the source of water supply, type of toilet facility, enter owning, type of house and various consumer durable goods and characteristics of the head of the household such as religion, order and place of residence. A total of 88,562 households were interviewed in India over all, of which two-thirds are from rural areas. All these 88,562 households contains more than 5,50,000 per newss, of which 4,99,369 are l wiz(prenominal) the usual residents in the survey.Hence, for the present 2 paper the above menti singled particulars are analyse only for the usual residents in the family. For the comparative purpose, the information on Household Structure in India pertaining to 1981 census published by the Registrar full general of India is used (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991). Although the two sources of information are different i. e. , census and survey, and and so not to be compared, due to the wish of other sources of information, this attempt is undertaken.Methodology To feel the distrisolelyion of family structure in India, following classifications are considered Type of family private Member thermonuclear scattered Nuclear Supplemented Nuclear Definition The responder who is alone This type of family includes Nuclear pair i. e. , dealer and married person with or without unmarried children question without cooperator but with unmarried children It includes three types of families a) Supplemented Nuclear creative thinker and spouse with or without unmarried children but with other relations who are not currently having spouses. ) downcast Extended Nuclear Head without spouse but with other relations of whom only one is having spouse c) Supplemented Broken Nuclear Head without spouse with or without unmarried children but with other unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed relation It includes some(prenominal) lineally extended and collaterally extended families a) Lineally extended family Head and spouse with married son(s)/daughter(s) and their spouses and parents with or without other not currently married relation(s) (OR) Head without spouse but with at least two married son(s) and daughter(s) and their spouses and/or parents with or without other not currently married relations b) Collaterally extended family Head and spouse with married brother(s)/sister(s) and their spouses with or without other relation(s) including married relation(s) (OR) Head without spouse but with at least two married brothers/sisters and their spouses with or without other relations enunciate Family 3 Source Chakravorty, C. and A. K. Singh. , 1991, Household Structures in India, Census of India 1991, cursory Paper No. 1, Office of the Registrar General of India, New Delhi. Although on that point are varying definitions for classifying family structure, the above mentioned definitions are considered in this paper mainly to have a comparison with the 1981 census.The various dr y land characteristics considered in the outline to describe the differentials in family type are (1) educational level of the head of family (Illiterate, Literate-upto Primary, Middle complete, High school and above) (2) steer of dwelling (urban, Rural) and (3) Religion of the respondent (Hindu, Moslem and Others) (4) class of the respondent (Scheduled population, Scheduled Caste and Others) (5) Sex of the head of family (Male, young-bearing(prenominal)) (6) Landowning Status (Yes, No) (7) Age of the head of family (less than 40 years, 40-60 years and 60 and above) (8) Size of family (Small i. e. 1-3 members, Medium i. e. 4-6 members, Large i. e. 7-9 members, real Large i. e. , 10 and above).Results The data for urban areas (Table 1) reveals that in 1992-93 almost half of the urban macrocosm in India live in nuclear families and 23 share, 20 per centum in joint family and supplemented nuclear families respectively. The role of champion(a) member and disquieted nuclear families together is only 6 percent. As compared to 1981 census, at that place has been a turn in the single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear families in 1992-93 and the per centum of nuclear and joint families has increased over the years (Graph 1). 4 Table 1 percent Distribution of different Type of Families in States/UTs of India for Urban Areas in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 Census Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. reciprocal Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 7. 91 4. 24 46. 77 23. 64 17. 08 5. 76 4. 42 52. 46 24. 47 12. 89 -4. 25 3. 25 4. 31 8. 53 4. 30 4. 39 6. 13 3. 8 4. 09 7. 61 7. 94 5. 41 5. 04 4. 53 3. 11 5. 40 -7. 03 3. 86 5. 27 7. 89 6. 21 6. 19 4. 93 3. 74 8. 81 7. 47 -42. 41 48. 43 49. 09 37. 35 48. 79 44. 13 42. 62 44. 91 44. 20 52. 95 43. 42 45. 46 49. 47 49. 17 43. 57 42. 09 -47. 35 47. 12 45. 52 51. 64 56. 33 49. 30 50. 15 51. 09 45. 06 20. 22 -23. 65 24. 04 20. 14 21. 45 20. 55 30. 06 32. 83 25. 08 19. 80 20. 00 31. 23 32. 52 23. 42 19. 63 24. 82 3 1. 99 -17. 92 20. 98 26. 44 21. 70 5. 10 21. 64 22. 00 20. 88 26. 78 53. 53 -20. 09 17. 98 18. 16 7. 94 20. 94 15. 06 14. 35 16. 81 21. 07 15. 11 5. 78 2. 60 10. 21 19. 41 19. 72 5. 60 -17. 30 20. 47 12. 94 5. 32 1. 95 8. 33 13. 46 12. 97 7. 35 5. 6 1992-93 NFHS Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 3. 2 3. 3 49. 8 20. 2 23. 4 1. 5 2. 6 54. 3 20. 3 21. 3 3. 5 1. 1 5. 1 1. 5 5. 3 1. 5 2. 2 1. 5 3. 0 2. 6 1. 4 2. 0 -4. 5 1. 2 3. 6 -2. 8 3. 5 3. 2 5. 0 -7. 6 5. 1 4. 1 -3. 9 1. 3 3. 5 2. 0 3. 5 3. 3 3. 3 4. 7 2. 7 3. 6 5. 2 3. 0 4. 8 3. 0 2. 8 2. 2 -3. 5 5. 2 3. 2 4. 0 -2. 8 2. 4 5. 2 -43. 6 44. 3 47. 9 52. 0 56. 2 48. 1 46. 2 50. 6 45. 9 47. 2 54. 2 41. 1 75. 8 55. 0 51. 3 54. 3 -50. 8 48. 5 51. 3 40. 7 -55. 6 50. 0 52. 3 -21. 3 18. 7 19. 0 18. 0 16. 2 18. 9 24. 8 22. 6 20. 5 20. 5 18. 8 28. 7 9. 7 20. 0 20. 3 17. 2 -25. 7 21. 4 18. 5 22. 3 -20. 1 17. 6 21. 8 -27. 7 34. 24. 6 26. 5 18. 7 28. 1 23. 4 20. 6 27. 9 26. 1 20. 3 25. 2 9. 7 17. 5 24. 4 22. 6 -17. 2 21. 4 23. 8 28. 0 -13. 9 24. 9 16. 6 -Total No. of studys 28747 1093 1227 1082 1359 1033 1035 987 1449 1213 1457 1753 345 202 227 1290 937 1096 -1445 229 2302 1080 -144 3371 1827 India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 9. 60 Gujarat 6. 30 Haryana 8. 25 Himachal 24. 73 Pradesh Jammu & 5. 14 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 74 Kerala 4. 04 Madhya 9. 54 Pradesh Maharashtra 7. 87 Manipur 4. 07 Meghalaya 11. 56 Nagaland 14. 01 Orissa 11. 76 Punjab 6. 92 Rajasthan 8. 74 Sikkim 14. 92 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 8. 00 Uttar Pradesh 7. 47 West Bengal 9. 82 Union Territories A. & N. slands 13. 45 Arunachal 24. 77 Pradesh Chandigarh 14. 54 D. & N. Haveli 9. 46 Delhi 9. 34 Goa, Daman & 11. 39 Diu Lakshadweep 12. 92 5 Mizoram 5. 64 7. 43 42. 46 36. 54 7. 93 1. 8 5. 7 49. 6 27. 5 15. 5 561 Table 2 Percentage Distribution of Different Type of Families in States/UTs of India for Rural in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 Census Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 5. 15 4. 58 42. 79 26. 19 21. 18 5. 85 4. 88 48. 82 24. 03 16. 42 -4. 72 3. 35 4. 28 8. 35 4. 42 5. 29 7. 14 3. 67 4. 67 6. 91 10. 11 8. 84 5. 66 4. 55 3. 24 7. 94 -5. 99 4. 12 4. 17 4. 62 7. 74 3. 18 3. 75 2. 98 11. 15 -40. 73 43. 92 42. 32 33. 8 42. 11 41. 79 46. 06 37. 83 42. 64 59. 63 56. 04 59. 82 47. 56 45. 03 36. 65 48. 32 -53. 05 39. 51 49. 07 51. 21 61. 73 42. 65 48. 98 43. 13 41. 79 -25. 47 25. 92 24. 20 31. 43 24. 62 29. 92 30. 01 28. 58 19. 77 17. 30 20. 66 17. 98 24. 58 23. 80 32. 64 25. 40 -18. 55 27. 57 25. 58 19. 65 4. 06 22. 80 21. 84 23. 54 28. 42 -24. 84 21. 98 25. 79 16. 97 24. 76 17. 71 13. 36 23. 09 27. 08 13. 05 6. 68 4. 85 16. 96 22. 25 22. 41 9. 65 -16. 07 23. 29 16. 74 7. 75 9. 93 12. 24 18. 94 22. 29 8. 68 1992-93 NFHS Single Broken Nuclear Suppl. Joint Membe Nuclear Nuclear family r 2. 5 3. 2 46. 3 20. 7 27. 4 2. 3 3. 0 47. 2 22. 4 25. 1 2. 9 2. 1 3. 3 0. 9 3. 1. 2 2. 7 2. 2 2. 6 2. 5 1. 4 1. 1 0. 2 2. 9 2. 1 1. 6 -4. 2 2. 4 2. 4 1. 7 -3. 7 13. 3 4. 7 5. 1 1. 8 2. 8 1. 7 3. 4 3. 2 3. 9 4. 8 1. 9 2. 3 6. 4 4. 2 5. 1 3. 3 2. 3 1. 5 -5. 4 4. 3 2. 2 3. 2 -3. 8 1. 0 7. 3 49. 8 40. 6 46. 4 43. 7 44. 4 49. 9 43. 4 48. 6 41. 5 43. 1 58. 6 54. 9 73. 8 47. 7 50. 6 43. 4 -53. 6 46. 9 41. 0 48. 0 -49. 7 49. 7 45. 9 23. 7 18. 3 19. 8 18. 4 20. 5 18. 1 24. 6 21. 9 18. 6 23. 0 16. 2 19. 3 9. 4 21. 6 18. 4 18. 6 -22. 3 26. 7 20. 4 22. 6 -19. 1 15. 7 25. 5 18. 6 37. 1 27. 7 35. 3 28. 2 27. 6 25. 3 22. 5 35. 5 29. 1 17. 4 20. 4 11. 5 24. 6 26. 6 34. 9 -14. 5 19. 7 33. 9 22. 4 -23. 7 20. 3 16. 6 Total No. f cases 59534 3106 2021 3627 2509 1702 2074 1850 2813 3162 4391 2306 740 788 828 3288 2276 3901 -2837 908 7738 3141 -815 300 1888 India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 4. 24 Gujarat 4. 83 Haryana 3. 33 Himachal 9. 47 Pradesh Jammu & 3. 59 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 08 Kerala 3. 43 Madhya 6. 39 Pradesh Maharashtra 5. 80 Manipur 2. 92 Meghalaya 6. 45 Nagaland 8. 51 Orissa 4. 90 Punjab 4. 16 Rajasthan 5. 00 Sikkim 8. 69 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 4. 26 Uttar Pradesh 5. 47 West Bengal 4. 42 Union Terri tories A. & N. islands 16. 77 Arunachal 11. 03 Pradesh Chandigarh 19. 13 D. & N. Haveli 6. 49 Delhi 6. 40 Goa, Daman & 9. 54 Diu 6 Lakshadweep 9. 24 Mizoram 3. 60 11. 27 6. 72 17. 22 49. 85 61. 07 27. 45 1. 20 12. 38 -1. 9 -3. 2 -61. 5 -21. 7 -11. 6 -525In rural areas, epoch 46 percent and 27 percent of families belong to nuclear and joint types respectively in 1992-93, and the parcel of families in supplemented nuclear, broken nuclear and single member type are 21, 3 and 3 respectively. As compared to 1981 census, the number of change in urban areas in different family types is almost the same as in the rural areas in 1992-93 (Graph 2). As compared to urban areas, the single member households are less frequent in rural areas. It is axiomatic that persons who migrate to urban areas have to stay single for quite a long period of time, hence this type of families is free-base to be around more in the urban areas. In different states of India, in 1992-93, the percentage of nuclea r families in the urban areas, is full(prenominal) in Nagaland (76 percent) and low in case of Bihar (44 percent) and Uttar Pradesh (51 percent).In the less developed states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, a high equalizer of joint families could possibly indicate the traditional nature of the fraternity and the deprivation of significant occupational mobility found among the people of the state. In case of Nagaland, it could be that the tradition, which normally demands newly, weds to set up as a separate family and also along with the absence of large landholding result in higher(prenominal) resemblance of nuclear families. Although, there is an increase in joint families in 1992-93 as compared to 1981, it is found to be more pronounced in urban areas than in rural areas in most of the states of India. In the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Orissa, Goa, Daman & Diu, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, the equipoise of supplemented nuclear type of families are hi gher than the joint type of families in 1992-93.A few glib reasons for the same are given below 7 (a) Migration is an serious component which forces the members of the natal family to stay together ordinarily revolving around one married couple and sharing the economic assets and income. For instance, when a person migrates for execute he leaves his wife, children behind with his parents, hence in such a society the supplemented nuclear families are expected to be more. Similar is the situation, in case of a person who migrates to urban areas and is forced to stay with his relatives, due to lack of lodging. (b) The increase in the socioeconomic development of the society also leads to increase in the status of women.And as the status of women in the family and in the society being high, it is expected that the chances of divorce/separation would also be high in case of marital incompatibility between the partners. This is found to be true in case of Kerala where the status of wo men and the divorce rates are high (Sureender et al. 1992). In this situation too, there is a possibility of the supplemented nuclear families to be more in the society. In general, there has been a radioactive decay in single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear type of families, while an increase is observed in nuclear and joint families as compared to 1981 in most of the states of India.While the decline in the proportion of single and broken nuclear families could be largely attributed to improvement in the health conditions of the people over the years, whereas the following reasons could be thought of for the increase in nuclear families. The decline in the interest of the individual towards satisfying the groups (families) interest The problems related to housing peculiarly in case of migrants to urban areas The lack of adjustment between the family members curiously when a bride/groom enters into the family. According to Caldwell et al. (1996), the ultimate r eason for the break-up of the joint family is the friction between mother-in-law and daughter- in-law and between daughters-inlaw themselves.In the case of increase joint families, problems related to housing could be cited as an important factor especially in urban areas, which force the couples to stay in joint families. Further, low age at marriage among girls also force the couples to stay with the parents till they attain economic independence. This implies an addition of married women in the same family, which results in the classification of the family as a joint family. Joint family also gave security department to widows, physically handicapped, economically non-productive and other insecure members 8 of the society. They were thus, the ideal type of household meeting all the requirements of society in the past (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991).According to Mandelbaum (1970), people tend to remain in joint families longer when economic factors choose such families. He also argues that the poorest and the lowest groups tend to have few joint families, but tied(p) at these social levels, most families reach joint for at least for some time after son marries. Further it was argued that even if a whole society strives towards ideal of joint families, there will inevitably be a truly tidy proportion of simpler families at transitional stages in a demographic cps because of deaths among the older generation, the departure from the joint family of surplus married brothers and other factors.Hence, even a considerable proportion of nuclear families in a population is evidence neither of change nor of the forming of that type of families. In additions to the above-mentioned ones there are obvious socioeconomic characteristics of head of the family which result in changes inwardly the family structure. or so of these characteristics which are analysed with the family structure in this paper at the all India level are Education, Age, Religion, Residence, Caste, Sex, Land owning status, and the size of the family. Differentials The results in Table 3 show that there is not much difference in family structure for both urban and rural areas in India as a whole.However, a considerable increase is observed in the proportion of nuclear families in urban areas compared to rural areas. This statement strengthens the hypothesis that the urban respondents are more likely to choose the nuclear family than the rural respondents. Table 3 Percentage Distribution of various type of Families According to the Background Characteristics of the head of Household (1992-93 NFHS Survey) Background Characteristics Type of Family Single Broken Member Nuclear 3. 7 1. 9 2. 0 2. 4 2. 5 1. 9 2. 9 5. 1 2. 6 1. 7 1. 1 3. 3 3. 8 3. 1 account of househol ds 36067 24267 8562 19385 10587 10759 669635 Nuclear Suppl. Nuclear 21. 0 20. 2 21. 3 19. 7 20. 20. 3 20. 6 Joint Family 27. 6 27. 2 22. 8 23. 5 24. 7 22. 5 26. 9 Education Illiterate Literate-primary Middle eve rlasting(a) High School + Caste Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Other Castes 42. 7 48. 1 52. 2 53. 3 49. 2 51. 5 46. 5 9 Religion Hindu Muslim Sikh Others Place of Residence Urban Rural Sex of the Head Male Female Land Owning Yes No Age of the Head 40 years 40-60 years 60 + Marital Status Married Separated Widowed disunite Never married Family size Small Medium Large Very Large 2. 9 2. 2 2. 1 2. 9 3. 2 2. 5 1. 7 11. 7 2. 0 3. 5 2. 3 2. 1 5. 0 0. 8 21. 4 12. 4 12. 9 23. 2 14. 6 - 3. 1 2. 7 4. 7 2. 5 3. 3 3. 2 0. 8 24. 2 2. 4 4. 2. 5 4. 3 2. 5 -34. 3 27. 4 30. 4 1. 5 9. 5 2. 5 0. 8 0. 1 46. 7 47. 3 52. 9 49. 2 49. 8 46. 3 51. 1 16. 1 42. 6 52. 2 57. 7 50. 3 22. 7 55. 0 -56. 8 59. 5 30. 6 6. 6 20. 7 20. 1 19. 9 19. 3 20. 2 20. 7 18. 7 36. 2 20. 8 20. 3 23. 7 18. 2 20. 6 15. 7 37. 9 49. 4 50. 0 59. 2 15. 5 22. 7 24. 4 9. 9 26. 6 27. 7 20. 4 26. 0 23. 4 27. 4 27. 8 11. 9 32. 2 20. 1 13. 8 25. 7 49. 3 28. 5 6. 4 10. 8 6. 7 15. 5 3. 7 15. 3 44. 2 83. 4 68948 8623 8880 1830 28747 59534 79 003 9273 43720 44545 32670 37152 18459 76013 688 9261 194 2110 16596 43274 20123 8288 10 A substantiating association is found between education of the head of the family and family structure.When the head of the family is illiterate, only 43 percent families are nuclear, the relative percentage for the heads who are better upto high school and above, is 53 percent (Graph 3). Similarly more percentage of plan tribes stay in nuclear families as compared to schedule rank and other caste people, i. e. almost 52 percent of nuclear families were found in scheduled tribes compared to 49 and 46 percent in scheduled caste and other caste people. As evidenced, more proportion of low w remote population are prevalent in low caste, so always the head of the family tries to push away the married children from his house to make the family with trim down burden.This could be the plausible reason why the nuclear families are more found in low castes. Srivastava and Nauriyal (1993) also noted in Uttar Pradesh that the joint family system is found to be more popular among the higher castes than the talk terms and lower castes. It is possible that, since the land holding are more among the non-scheduled caste/tribe people, they tend to stay more in joint families compared to scheduled caste/tribe people (Caldwell et al. , 1988). In a study conducted in Karnataka, Caldwell et al. (1984) show that, among those with no land at all, 71 percent are found in nuclear families with land upto one acre, 65 percent with land from one to four acres, 58 percent with over four acres 46 percent.With more resources and a need for more labour, there is more point in keeping a larger family together. A study of 5,200 households throughout Karnataka state, conducted in 1975 by the Bangalore population Centre, recorded the percentage of different types of families as follows 57. 3% nuclear, 30. 8% stem, 4. 7% joint, and 3. 4% joint stem. The same picture is found in this study too, i. e. , those who possess land, higher percentage stay in joint families than those with no land (Graph 4). It could be that the requirement of manpower in agricultural families and the practice of property staying with the cured citizen of the family tend to keep the joint families intact. Nimkoff (1959) also writes that in India, he joint family system is traditionally most common among the elite, the higher castes and those with more property. It is a good deal held that joint families are especially appropriate for peasants who cultivate land, that such families, especially those who till their own land, favour large families and favour joint families, because the overindulgence numbers form labour pools (Kolenda Pautine et al. , 1987). The sex of head of the family is having a significant relation in forming a particular type of the family. While 51 percent of the male headed families are found to be nuclear type and only 16 percent of nuclear families have female as head of the f amily. However, the picture is found different in case of the supplemented nuclear and broken nuclear families.Female-headed families are found to be more in supplemented nuclear and broken nuclear family types. While, migration of males in search of jobs could be one of the reasons which forces the females to head the supplemented nuclear families, the death of the 11 husband and to an extent the increasing divorce rate (especially in urban areas) could be some of the plausible reasons in case of more females heading the broken nuclear families. spectral differentials clearly indicate that more percentage of Sikhs (53 percent) are living in nuclear families compared to all other religions (i. e. , 46. 7, 47. 3 and 49 percent from Hindu, Muslim and other religions respectively).It has been observed in the digest that the proportion of illiterate heads of the family in Sikh religion is considerably less as compared to the other religions. Also, it was back up that the education of the head of the family has a positive association with family structure as the education increases, the proportion of nuclear families increase. Hence, it could be one of the plausible reasons the nuclear families are more in Sikh religion. Though, it has been found in the analysis that in India as a whole, the proportion of nuclear families are more in Sikh religion compared to other religious groups. Independently, in Punjab and Haryana the proportion of Sikh religion is more, but it comprises only 25 percent of Indias Sikh population.Our results support the contention of Kingsley Davis Sikhs took more seriously to education, as they are more literate than either the Hindus or the Muslims. Their high percentage in the Indian army has doubtless helped their literacy. Also a district wise analysis of selected states in India by Kolenda Pauline et al. (1987) reveals that high joint family districts have more Hindus and substantially fewer Christians than the low joint family distric ts. These figures according to the authors suggest that Hindus have a preference for joint family living compared to other religions. As expected, age of the head of family is having a significant association with family structure.Joint families are found to be more among the older ones where the age of the head of family is over 60 years (49. 3 percent). While only 25. 7 percent of the middle aged beads maintain joint families, and the corresponding percentage among younger ones is 14. It is 12 felt that, always the old persons prefer to maintain their family as joint type, because to fulfil their psychological satisfaction through the youngest in the family. This finding is found to be similar to an earlier study conducted by Driver (1962) in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. A study by Morrison (1959) reveals that nuclear families are generally small and intermediate in size, whereas joint families are large and very large.It is equally obvious that there is considerable overlappi ng in the strong suit and large size categories so that it is not possible to say that medium sized families are always nuclear and large sized are always joint in composition. Similar type of results were noticed in this study too, that, nuclear families are generally small and medium in size and joint families are large and very large in size. To be precise, while percentage of small and medium size in nuclear families are 56. 8 and 59. 5 respectively and among the joint families are 3. 7 and 15. 3 respectively. On the other hand, the percentage of large and very large size families in nuclear type are 30. 6 and 6. 6 percent respectively as compared to 44. 2 and 83. 4 among joint families.These results clearly show that broken nuclear families and nuclear families are usually small and medium in size, whereas joint families are large in family size. Conclusion Keeping in view that the changes in family structure are inevitable partly as a result of continuing demographic change, this paper examines the changes in family structure from 1981 to 1992-93 in India. The results reveal that over the years, there has been an increase in the nuclear and joint families, although nuclear families are hint in both the rural and urban areas. On the other hand, a decline is observed in the single member, broken nuclear and supplemented nuclear families. Nuclear families are found to be more in case of Nagaland as compared to rest of the states of India.The differentials in family structure reveals that the socio-economic background of the head of the family has a definite role to play in the growth of nuclear families in India. These changes in the family structure calls for the examination of its plausible consequences on the attitude and behavior of the family members at the micro level. References 1. Agarwala, B. R. , 1962, Nature and extent of social change in a mobile commercial community. sociological Bulletin, 11. 2. Beteille, A. , 1964. Family and social change in India and other South Asian Countries. Economic and Political Weekly, Annual. XVI 237-244. 13 3. Caldwell, J. C. Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1984.The determinants of family structure in Rural South India. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46 (1) 215-230. 4. Caldwell, J. C. Reddy, P. H. and Caldwell, Pat. , 1988. 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